#: locale=en ## Action ### URL LinkBehaviour_E99572BD_E034_0DC0_41E2_354CDF046231.source = http://tours.sandia.gov/ LinkBehaviour_E99412BE_E034_0DC0_41E4_6540779C9F6A.source = http://tours.sandia.gov/support.html LinkBehaviour_E99432BE_E034_0DC0_41E1_9E75F7ECB6E2.source = http://tours.sandia.gov/tours.html LinkBehaviour_E9AB52BD_E034_0DC0_41BA_2201E7B3C9AC.source = http://tours.sandia.gov/z_info.html ## Hotspot ### Tooltip HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_ED1041B0_E04C_0FC0_41E7_80608602F1C2.toolTip = A Long History in Pulsed Power HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E9AB22BD_E034_0DC0_41EB_3BEA3BB474A7.toolTip = Arcs & Sparks HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99442BE_E034_0DC0_41E3_A6376748DA5A.toolTip = Assembly Lab HotspotMapOverlayArea_E9AB42BD_E034_0DC0_41D5_62EF7DD27680.toolTip = Assembly Lab HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99452BD_E034_0DC0_41E4_B4ED9885FB7A.toolTip = Assembly Lab Video HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994E2BD_E034_0DC0_41D2_A8ED4860D903.toolTip = Building It HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99402BE_E034_0DC0_41EB_DEA3E501C953.toolTip = Cleaning the Core HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994A2BF_E034_0DC0_41D1_A6B96ED8D0E6.toolTip = Cleaning the Core HotspotMapOverlayArea_E994C2BE_E034_0DC0_41D0_B623E86B20FA.toolTip = Cleaning the Core HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E9AB82BD_E034_0DC0_41D4_8FDBB109F97C.toolTip = Cleaning the Core Video HotspotMapOverlayArea_E99452BE_E034_0DC0_41E9_60843B15A77A.toolTip = Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994E2BE_E034_0DC0_41E9_67806EBE7BAD.toolTip = Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FCD7BFD9_F003_C43E_41ED_F9E5929ECE94.toolTip = Controlling the Power HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99542BE_E034_0DC0_41EA_DEB364A5E721.toolTip = Data Capture HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994E2BE_E034_0DC0_41A7_02BA09CC53EC.toolTip = Data Capture HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F2D9D98D_E07C_1FC0_41DC_41DAB8532A27.toolTip = Delicate to Mess HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F1A48BB6_E04C_33C0_41EA_E86F8A2C1F01.toolTip = Double Safe HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99532BE_E034_0DC0_4177_9559A28A5AF0.toolTip = Experimental Set-ups HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994D2BD_E034_0DC0_41E3_AD276E1AFB68.toolTip = Generating Arcs & Sparks for Posterity HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99432BE_E034_0DC0_41D3_9BE623C65880.toolTip = Getting Beamlet to Z HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_ED11A6EC_E034_3540_41CA_2E000686C64B.toolTip = Historic Building HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99462BD_E034_0DC0_41B6_9DF813E76F35.toolTip = Hydraulics HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E995C2BE_E034_0DC0_41E6_F2A5EA2F76AF.toolTip = Hydraulics HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994C2BD_E034_0DC0_41D4_F4F652AC70F4.toolTip = In the Water HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994C2BE_E034_0DC0_41EA_02948D12D32D.toolTip = Inertial Confinement Fusion HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99552BD_E034_0DC0_41EA_A2D4D825F443.toolTip = Keep Moving Forward HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99572BE_E034_0DC0_41E9_B65E845F2D25.toolTip = Laser Power HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99472BD_E034_0DC0_41E1_51BC13DE5328.toolTip = Lowering the Core HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E9ABE2BD_E034_0DC0_41E8_23383420A266.toolTip = Marx Generators HotspotMapOverlayArea_E9AB12BD_E034_0DC0_419D_5DFDAC8E3D8B.toolTip = Marx Generators HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FD4DFD42_F000_C412_41E5_1E2053D66AFC.toolTip = Marx Maintenance HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E9AB02BD_E034_0DC0_41E9_D537586472BF.toolTip = Moving the Core HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994B2BD_E034_0DC0_41E3_E3CCCAF4DBC1.toolTip = Orange Boxes HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F0EB24EB_E074_1540_41A8_C5D50ABECE6D.toolTip = Preparing the MITL HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994D2BF_E034_0DC0_41D7_53847BB20AFE.toolTip = Target Video HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99452BE_E034_0DC0_41D3_7460E84EB4F1.toolTip = Targets HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FDD53AE7_F000_CC12_41E5_800A90F84380.toolTip = The Body of Beamlet HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994D2BE_E034_0DC0_41A8_097E1410C9BF.toolTip = The Center Section HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E995E2BE_E034_0DC0_41DE_BF7AE30BEA9D.toolTip = The Purple Pig HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99412BD_E034_0DC0_41DF_AA6C70BE8E2B.toolTip = The Z Machine HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E994F2BD_E034_0DC0_41B3_D4FADA676720.toolTip = The Z Marx Generators HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F3F127F9_E04C_1340_41DF_3B70424DA3F8.toolTip = What Makes it Z? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99442BE_E034_0DC0_41E9_643B1A09C09F.toolTip = What is Pulsed Power? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99512BE_E034_0DC0_41AE_12B559C19DEA.toolTip = What is a Marx Generator? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99562BD_E034_0DC0_41DE_92C1167641E0.toolTip = Z Beamlet HotspotMapOverlayArea_E9ABC2BD_E034_0DC0_41D5_44A8F005372F.toolTip = Z Machine HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F3E71444_E04C_1540_41E9_87D84034FFB6.toolTip = Z Machine HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99482BD_E034_0DC0_4171_768045CA2D27.toolTip = Z Machine Center Section HotspotMapOverlayArea_E99502BD_E034_0DC0_41DA_085B52F98E5C.toolTip = Z Machine Center Section HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FCC5CF9A_F003_4432_41E3_526202B57E18.toolTip = Z Machine Operations HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E99492BE_E034_0DC0_41CA_AA8957E4DBE0.toolTip = Z Pulsed Power Facility HotspotMapOverlayArea_E99522BD_E034_0DC0_41DE_B1CADC708062.toolTip = Z Pulsed Power Facility HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F3E589CF_E04C_7F40_41E1_17F1ADB0D9D6.toolTip = Z is Not Alone ## Media ### Audio audiores_EF238892_E05C_3DC0_41E2_E18DF0FD6CB9.mp3Url = media/audio_1A30B460_14E1_BB3E_41A1_16238F6A31CC_en.mp3 ### Description photo_385FF5DF_2C64_42D4_4169_9CCA94D636DB.description = HERMES III: The High-Energy Radiation Megavolt Electron Source has the ability to fire multiple shots in a day and has been doing so since 1988. It is the world's most powerful gamma ray generator and is used to demonstrate and study the effects of gamma ray radiation on electronics and larger military hardware. \ photo_27E4EAFB_2C65_C6DC_41C0_D426E2B7735B.description = STAR Facility: The Shock Thermodynamic Applied Research (STAR) facility is devoted to shock physics. Shock wave experiments are used to study materials at high pressures and temperatures. This leads to improved material characterization (understanding how materials will behave when in use) and to the development of new materials. The facility houses five laboratory test launchers (guns) and a variety of small caliber arms. album_27956AE2_2C64_46EC_41C1_ABBAEA63DC1E_0.description = Saturn began operating in 1987 when the older Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator was converted. Over the years its primary function was to produce hard X-rays to test the radiation-hardening of electronics and other materials. It is a workhorse machine, used extensively in support of the weapons program. photo_27D1EAAA_2C64_417C_41B4_6F711FC0C768.description = The Radiographic Integrated Test Stand (RITS) celebrated its 2000th shot on September 2, 2015. It was last used in 2016. RITS started as a demonstration system in 1999 and was converted to a six-cavity accelerator in 2006. It was a radiation-generating device that could produce an electron beam in excess of 10 megavolts. It produced an intense burst of X-rays for radiographic imaging of dense objects. It also served as a test bed to develop and demonstrate pulsed power technologies. \ photo_27D63582_2C64_C32C_419A_5ED8C77E4333.description = Thor is the youngest of Sandia's pulsed power machines and deploys a more efficient architecture than the Z Machine. Thor replaces the Marx generators used in Z with the much smaller LTD drivers prototyped on Ursa Minor. These units include capacitors capable of discharging current in a 100-nanosecond pulse immediately, compared to how Z utilizes multiple stages of pulse compression to accomplish the same result. Thor is a testbed for the technology and will also be able to study materials under high compression. \ photo_27EC9D80_2C64_432C_419A_90A9C9AC1EB0.description = Ursa Minor is a prototype of the next generation of pulsed power technology. The new technology is the linear transformer driver (LTD), which uses compact components to deliver very fast high-current and high-voltage pulses. 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A team cleaning the core maintains attention to every detail and develops a rhythm. It looks like their dance is choreographed.
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A typical Z pinch target is a configuration of wires at the center of the machine. When the Z machine is fired, up to 26 MA of electrical current flows through a large number of wires each much smaller than a human hair. The vertically hanging wires form a hollow cylindrical shape about the size of a spool of thread. The currents in the wires produce intense magnetic fields that rapidly and tightly compress the hollow cylinder of wires to the point that it implodes upon itself toward its axis (called Z in mathematics), vaporizing into a plasma that produces tremendous quantities of x-rays. This squeeze is the Z pinch, so named because the enormous force of its compression along the Z axis.
Photo: The very fine wires that went into an early Z pinch experiment. In one month in late 1996, the then-PBFA II machine increased its X-ray output from 1 to 1.8 mega joules using the new Z pinch design. That cemented the decision to convert the machine to Z.
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Building 986 serves as the Z-Backlighter laser facility and houses Z Beamlet and Z Petawatt. The building was originally a warehouse. And a good thing, too, because high energy, high power lasers are not tiny pieces of technology.
The recent pursuit of a new concept on Z (Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion) requires preheating the fusion fuel in the target. Z Beamlet is providing the heat and was modified for increased output energy.
Also in Building 986, Z Petawatt provides backlighting for Z and additional short pulse laser experiments. It is a petawatt-class system operating at 1054 nm delivering up to 500 J in 500 fs for backlighting and various short pulse laser experiments.
Photo: Z Beamlet in the Building 986 laser bay.
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Catwalks extend over and nearly cover all of Z, allowing access for staff and visitors. Z is organized in concentric rings, with the outer ring holding the Marx generators in an insulating bath of oil followed by a ring of intermediate storage capacitors in heavily processed, de-ionized water that also serves as an insulator. Lasers trigger each of 36 switches that hold off up to 6.5 MV sending all the electrical energy racing to the center of the machine where the current moves over 5 central steel cones (known as magnetically insulated transmission lines) and focuses onto the tiny target.
Diagnostics to capture information from the experiments set up on any given shot are visible on the catwalk and in the line-of-sight (LOS) stations identified around the machine. Diagnostics collect visible light, x-rays and neutrons in a number of ways including images and separating the light or x-rays into their 'colors'.
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DOE/NNSA/SFO, in consultation with the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Officer, determined that Building 983 (and the Z Machine) is historic. This means that the building is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.
The building was designed by the Albuquerque architectural firm of W. C. Kruger and Associates in 1981 and constructed to hold the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator (PBFA) II, completed in 1985. In 1996, the accelerator was modified from a high voltage to a high current configuration due to discoveries surrounding the possibility of using a Z-pinch configuration to achieve fusion. It was renamed Z and became a one-of-a-kind R&D facility for advancing fusion research and supporting the nuclear weapon stockpile stewardship program through weapons physics, weapons effects, and material properties research.
Photo: Z's historic status reflects Sandia's long-term research in pulsed power and Z's own roots in the Pulsed Beam Fusion Accelerator, which is also honored in a sculpture made of a piece of PBFA I near the entrance to Tech Area IV.
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From the Control Room, operators monitor everything from the hydraulic pumps managing the oil and water in the machine to Beamlet's behavior to Z's actual operation. Screens also offer views of the high bay that holds Z; close-ups of different elements of Z, like the Core; the building's exterior; and the Tech Area beyond. Operators also control Z, including pushing the button when it is time to fire the shot.
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Marx generators are described as the simplest voltage multipliers available. First described in 1924 by German electrical engineer Erwin Marx, the Marx generator is an electrical circuit designed to generate a high-voltage pulse from a low-voltage DC supply. The capacitors in the Marx are all charged at the same time. They are then discharged in series, producing ever-shorter and more powerful pulses of energy.
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Marx generators sit in the oil in the outer ring of Z below the brown beams with the gold suspension beams. When they are out of the oil, the white and yellow beams that hold the generators in place are visible, as are the individual capacitor units (the stacked silver boxes) that make up a Marx generator. The generators are lifted by the large overhead crane that moves across Z's high-bay. They can be moved to the side and taken outside of the high bay for maintenance before being returned and lowered back into place.
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Once installed and carefully aligned, Beamlet can be used to preheat the target in Z or to provide backlighting on Z experiments. For backlighting, Beamlet's intense laser pulse illuminates a thin foil to generate X-rays. The X-rays pass through the target within Z to be recorded on film, not unlike a medical X-ray, but on a nanosecond timescale, essentially stopping the motion. The resulting images offer a view of what is happening at the target during a shot at the Z Machine.
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Pulsed power takes a pulse of electrical energy and shortens its duration to increase its power. (The equation is Power = Energy/Time.) In a pulsed power machine like Z, low power electrical energy is taken from a source (a wall plug) and stored in a bank of capacitors. The energy leaves the capacitors as a compressed pulse of power - as it moves, the duration of the pulse is increasingly shortened. With each shortening of the pulse, the power increases. The result is a very short pulse with enormous power. For Z this range spans minutes of charging to an x-ray pulse as short as a few nanoseconds (billionths of a second).
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Sandia has been in the Pulsed Power business since the early 1960s. Assessments in the 1950s of the potential threat to nuclear weapon components from the radiation generated by the detonation of other nuclear weapons led to the development and use of various radiation sources for testing. These included a variety of facilities, beginning with a Van de Graaff accelerator in 1957, as well as Sandia's first nuclear reactor in what has become Tech Area V.
In 1963 and 1964, Sandia researchers visited and studied the United Kingdom's SMOG machine at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE). SMOG was a high-voltage, high-current pulse machine that produced powerful electron beams with a short pulse duration. AWRE's research was the beginning of what is now known as pulsed power. With the assistance of the UK researchers, Sandia stood up its first pulsed power machine in 1964.
Additional machines followed and by the late 1970s, Sandia added research for fusion to its basic pulsed power mission of radiation effects research to ensure radiation-hardened components for nuclear weapons. The 1977 groundbreaking ceremonies for the Electron-Beam Fusion Facility marked the opening of the new Tech Area IV, which has become Sandia's pulsed power campus. By the time the new machine was completed and fired in June 1980, Sandia had moved from pursuing electron beam fusion to particle beam fusion, so the name was changed to the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator (PBFA). Even then, planning for the much larger PBFA-II was already underway.
As PBFA-II was nearing completion in 1985, Sandia began converting PBFA-I into the world's largest laboratory X-ray source. Renamed Saturn, the machine was initially focused on support for the W88 warhead development program.
By the mid-1990s, the focus in fusion research had again shifted. Cuts in funding for energy research led to downsizing in the pulsed power program. At the same time, new research into the use of z-pinches to create intense X-ray sources on the Saturn machine was looking promising and PBFA-II underwent conversion to become the Z machine. Z was completely remodeled again beginning in 2006, returning to operation in 2007.
Photo: SPASTIC, Sandia's first pulsed power machine, 1960s.
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Several photographers have produced versions of the image referred to as Arcs & Sparks. KTech technicians Dan Jobe and Scott Drennan took the first photos of PBFA-II firing (before it became Z) using an open shutter method.
Sandia photographers Walt Dickenman and Randy Montoya replicated the method in subsequent photographs. The photos are stunning and have caught the eye of editors and readers around the world. Referred to as Arcs & Sparks, the photos have appeared in National Geographic and on the cover of Technical Photography (with an accompanying article by Dickenman on how the photo was captured) and Physics.
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Some diagnostics are run inside the machine and are called in-chamber diagnostics. The Purple Pig, which is pointed at the target, allows scientists to conduct line-of-site diagnostics farther away from the machine. The video shows staff calibrating and viewing through the Purple Pig.
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That beautiful photo of the Z Machine firing? It's documentation of leaks in the lines as electrical power escapes to flash and flare. Since Z's most recent renovation was completed in 2008, energy leaks have been reduced and the infrastructure over the machine blocks much of the view as it fires. The photos aren't as dramatic and colorful, but the insulation is working!
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The Marx Generators at Z sit in an insulating bath of 600,000 gallons of transformer oil. 400,000 gallons of heavily processed, de-ionized water insulate Z's other capacitors and transmission lines.
While the machine is cleaned and prepared for a new shot, the water and oil are drained and stored in tanks outside of Z. They are topped off, refiltered, and re-used for the next shot.
The hydraulics supporting movement of the water and oil sit beneath Z in a complex of well-marked pipes and pumps.
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The boxes labeled LOS hold detectors and equipment for data capture. The number after LOS indicates where the station is on Z's 360 degree layout. There are additional experimental stations on the platform, as well. Some are labeled to indicate what equipment they hold.
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The bulk of Z Beamlet is located in Building 986, next door to Z. A former warehouse, 986 was converted to a cleanroom to house Z Beamlet. The beamline moves from 986 into 983 via a Beam Bridge, traveling 68.5 meters to reach Z.
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The core must be cleaned after each shot as it is coated and blackened with the debris of the target and its fuel. Each cone is polished completely to remove contamination and avoid faults and shorts in the next shot. Cleaning the core takes 4-6 hours, which means that Z can only complete one shot a day.
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The outer ring of Z holds oil to insulate the Marx generators. The second ring holds deionized water to insulate the capacitors storing up the power before passing it in towards the center of Z and the tiny target. The insulating water within Z is drained after every shot, cleaned, replenished, and pumped back in. The oil is also drained, filtered, and pumped back in after each shot.
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Z Beamlet is a laser. Originally part of the prototype for development of the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Z Beamlet was disassembled and moved to Sandia late in 1998. It was installed, refurbished, and ready for operation in 2001. Z Beamlet provides x-rays for backlighting experiments at Z, which is similar to taking a dental X-ray of the imploding target. It is also used for developing Z diagnostics and for separate, laser-driven high energy density physics experiments.
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Z receives approximately 500 requests for shots each year against an available capacity of 140 to 160 shots. Approximately 60-65% of the shots are devoted to weapon physics (weapon effects testing, radiation-hardening testing, materials testing). In addition, there are ride-along experiments on many of these shots. That is data collected for other purposes and shared appropriately with researchers.
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Z was completely refurbished in a $90 million project finalized in 2008. All components inside the oil and water tank were removed and replaced. The main purpose for the refurbishment was to increase Z's performance.
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After every shot, the 5 steel cones (MITLs) are moved from the central core to a cleaning area, where it is taken apart. Every bit of it is scrubbed down before it is reassembled, moved back into place, and prepared for the next shot.
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It is not safe to be in the high bay with Z when it is firing. The Control Room is separated from the high bay that houses Z by a thick steel safety door and a metal inner door. On the inner door leading to Z are the hazard warnings and lights that indicate testing is underway. After a shot, a few individuals enter Z from the Control Room to verify everything is intact and there are no active hazards before declaring the room safe for all staff to enter.
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The delicate target is carefully placed in the center of Z's core. The diagnostics are brought in close around it. Then, the shot is fired and all of the energy the machine has built up is directed into the tiny target. Nothing is left but a mess and a lot of data.
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Once cleaned and ready to go, the core elements are picked up, carried across the room, and lowered into the center of Z. Carefully. Precisely.


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Targets and elements for experiments conducted on Z are built in the assembly labs within the building. Sandia works with General Atomics in La Jolla, California, as well as Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore to manufacture the materials for the targets.
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Targets are built up on frames that will be inserted in the machine's core. All targets are hand-built and tiny, requiring careful, focused attention to bring the wires together.



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The Marx Generators at Z sit in an insulating bath of 600,000 gallons of transformer oil. 400,000 gallons of heavily processed, de-ionized water insulate Z's other capacitors and transmission lines.


While the machine is cleaned and prepared for a new shot, the water and oil are drained and stored in tanks outside of Z. They are topped off, refiltered, and re-used for the next shot.


The hydraulics supporting movement of the water and oil sit beneath Z in a complex of well-marked pipes and pumps.


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The Z experiment sits in a vacuum chamber at the center of the machine where all of the energy pulsed from the Marx generators is delivered. The Core itself is composed of five stainless steel cones nested together. The cones serve as vacuum transmission lines. As the current rises in the machine, the transmission lines become magnetically insulated. They are referred to as Magnetically Insulated Transmission Lines or MITLs.


Photo: Core being lowered into the central vacuum chamber, cleaned and ready for a new shot.


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The control room houses the data acquisition system for Z. There are approximately 900 signals to be captured and managed on any given shot. The data acquisition system is in UNIX and dates from the mid-1980s, but the control system itself is of a more recent vintage.


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The orange tint in the lab's plastic storage boxes provides protection for light-sensitive parts. The boxes contain parts already assembled or awaiting assembly into targets and experimental set-ups.


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The search for sustainable fusion for energy production extends back to the years after World War II. In the early 1950s, accelerators were used to try and harness fusion energy in a program known as Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). Once the laser was introduced (in 1960), ICF was pursued using both lasers and accelerators. The National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a laser-based research bed for ICF.


ICF achieves fusion by rapidly compressing and heating a small quantity of fuel (typically deuterium and tritium). The high fuel pressure causes the fuel to disassemble. The goal is to keep the material compressed long enough to achieve nuclear fusion. This has been achieved, but has not been sustained so as to prove a viable energy source.


The break even point will be reached when the thermonuclear yield (the energy produced by nuclear fusion) equals the energy absorbed by the target. That is, when the output of energy exceeds the input.


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This is Z. It uses the high magnetic fields associated with high electrical currents to produce intense temperatures and pressures and vast quantities of X-ray radiation. That is, it can create conditions similar to those inside a nuclear weapon or those inside the sun. It does this by storing over 20 MJ of electrical energy (equivalent to 20 sticks of dynamite) for 2 to 3 minutes, then discharging that energy in a few microseconds.


One shot at Z puts out about 85 Terawatts of electrical power for about 100 nanoseconds. By comparison, the entire U.S. electric grid is producing about 1 Terawatt at any given time.


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Z uses a bank of 36 Marx generators. Each generator includes 60 capacitors. (A capacitor is a component used to temporarily store an electric charge.) They are DC-charged to as much as 90 kV.


Considered an old and inefficient technology, Marx generators are not used in Thor, the most recent of Sandia's pulsed power machines.


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Assembly Lab


Targets and elements for experiments conducted on Z are built in the assembly labs within the building. Sandia works with General Atomics in La Jolla, California, as well as Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore to manufacture the materials for the targets.


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Controlling the Power


The control room houses the data acquisition system for Z. There are approximately 900 signals to be captured and managed on any given shot. The data acquisition system is in UNIX and dates from the mid-1980s, but the control system itself is of a more recent vintage.



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The Z Machine


This is Z. It uses magnetic fields associated with high electrical currents to produce intense temperatures and pressures and powerful radiation. That is, it can create conditions similar to a nuclear detonation or the inside of the sun. It does this by storing electrical energy from a wall outlet for about a minute and a half, then discharging it over a few hundred nanoseconds.


One shot at Z puts out about 100 Terawatts of power for about 100 nanoseconds. By comparison, the entire U.S. electric grid is producing about 1 Terawatt at any given time
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What is a Marx Generator?


Marx generators are described as the simplest voltage multipliers available. First described in 1924 by German electrical engineer Erwin Marx, the Marx generator is an electrical circuit designed to generate a high-voltage pulse from a low-voltage DC supply. The capacitors in the Marx are all charged at the same time. They are then discharged in series, producing ever-shorter and more powerful pulses of energy.


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Z Beamlet


Z Beamlet is a laser. Originally part of the prototype for development of the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Z Beamlet was disassembled and moved to Sandia late in 1998. It was installed, refurbished, and ready for operation in 2001. Z Beamlet provides x-rays for backlighting experiments at Z. It is also used for developing Z diagnostics and for separate, laser-driven high energy density physics experiments.






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Z Machine Core


The heart of the matter—and where all of that energy is headed—is the core of Z. At the center of the rings of capacitors pulsing the energy inward along thick metal cables is a central chamber. It is a 10' diameter x 10' high vacuum chamber with five nesting stainless-steel cones known as MITLs (Magnetically Insulated Transmission Lines).


During operation, the MITLs become magnetically insulated as the current rises. They pass the energy to the very center of Z, to the target. At the target, the current is concentrated along wires thinner than a human hair, compressing them until they implode and vaporize into plasma. The plasma is sustained briefly and then collapses.


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Z Pulsed Power Facility


Welcome to Z, heart of Sandia's Pulsed Power Program and the world's most powerful radiation source. Creating the conditions present in a nuclear detonation, Z provides critical weapons effects testing of nuclear weapons components for stockpile surveillance, research into materials, and is an experimental test bed for fusion research.


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